Relatórios técnicos
402, 2021
Comunicação de Risco
| Título | Precautionary Framework for Public Health Protection |
| Resumo | The Precautionary Framework is an overarching concept encompassing procedures to consider in managing risks that are either known (i.e. relatively established and certain) or uncertain. It is intended that the precautionary framework provides knowledge at all key stages and thus ensure a more comprehensive understanding of overall or aggregate risk. The Precautionary Framework also provides ways to develop options for reducing exposure to physical, chemical or biological agents, to assess and select the option or options most appropriate for the risk being considered, and facilitates implementation, evaluation and monitoring the chosen option(s). Risk management within the Precautionary Framework is an iterative process and encourages the development of new information and understanding. By involving a wide range of stakeholders in the process, the Precautionary Framework requires clarification of stakeholder interests as well as transparency in the way decisions are made. |
| Fonte | World Health Organization (WHO) |
| Origem | Internacional |
| Autor/Editor | WHO |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://faqtos.pt /wp-content/uploads/2003/05/2003-05_WHO_precautionary-framework-for-public-health-protection.pdf |
| Referência | |
| Data | Maio 2003 |
| Título | General Approach to Protection Against Non-Ionizing Radiation |
| Resumo | This document explains the approach that ICNIRP uses in providing advice on protection against non-ionizing radiation (NIR) exposure to serve both as a guide for the understanding of ICNIRP’s documents and for its future work. The activities of ICNIRP are delineated, and the relationships with other advisory and legislative bodies are described. Furthermore, ICNIRP’s current general approach to the assessment of health risks as a basis for the development of guidelines on limiting exposure is explained. |
| Fonte | International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) |
| Origem | Internacional |
| Autor/Editor | ICNIRP |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://journals.lww.com/ health-physics/Citation/2002/04000/GENERAL_ APPROACH_TO_PROTECTION_AGAINST.17.aspxF |
| Referência | |
| Data | Abril 2002 |
| Título | Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication |
| Resumo | Risk communication is the process of informing people about the hazards of a site. The purpose of risk communication is to help residents of affected communities to: understand risk assessment and risk management; form scientifically valid perceptions of the likely hazards; and participate in making decisions about how risk should be managed. The process of informing people about site hazards is a two-way conversation in which the site team informs and is informed by affected community members. This tool contains techniques for effectively communicating risk to the public. |
| Fonte | Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |
| Origem | Estados Unidos da América |
| Autor/Editor | Vicent T. Covello and Frederik W. Allen |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://archive.epa.gov/ publicinvolvement/web/pdf/risk.pdf |
| Referência | 230K92001 |
| Data | Maio 1992 |
| Título | Radiation, Mobile Phones, Base Stations and Your Health |
| Resumo | With the technology rapidly advancing, mobile phone users and people living within close range of the mobile phone base stations have become increasingly concerned over the potential harmful effects of radiofrequency radiation produced by these devices to their health. |
| Fonte | Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission |
| Origem | Malásia |
| Autor/Editor | Ng Kwan-Hoong |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://faqtos.pt /wp-content/uploads/2005/02/2005-02_MCMC_radiation-mobile-phones-base-stations.pdf |
| Referência | |
| Data | Fevereiro 2005 |
Informação Geral
| Título | Radio Frequency Safety |
| Resumo | Safety limits have been set by the European Union for the protection of workers and the general public against the effects of mobile phones and other electromagnetic fields. Are these safety limits adequate in the light of recent scientific evidence? The EC Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) has updated the previous opinion on “Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF), Radio Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health” by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect to whether or not exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) is a cause of disease or other health effects. |
| Fonte | Federal Communications Commission (FCC) |
| Origem | Estados Unidos da América |
| Autor/Editor | Federal Communications Commission (FCC) |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://www.fcc.gov /general/radio-frequency-safety-0 |
| Referência | |
| Data | Abril 2019 |
| Título | Electromagnetic Fields |
| Resumo | Safety limits have been set by the European Union for the protection of workers and the general public against the effects of mobile phones and other electromagnetic fields. Are these safety limits adequate in the light of recent scientific evidence? The EC Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) has updated the previous opinion on “Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF), Radio Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health” by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect to whether or not exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) is a cause of disease or other health effects. |
| Fonte | European Commission – Directorate General for Health and Consumers |
| Origem | Internacional |
| Autor/Editor | GreenFacts |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://ec.europa.eu/health/ scientific_committees/opinions_layman/en/ electromagnetic-fields/index.htm |
| Referência | |
| Data | Janeiro 2009 |
| Título | Radiation, Mobile Phones, Base Stations and Your Health |
| Resumo | With the technology rapidly advancing, mobile phone users and people living within close range of the mobile phone base stations have become increasingly concerned over the potential harmful effects of radiofrequency radiation produced by these devices to their health. |
| Fonte | Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission |
| Origem | Malásia |
| Autor/Editor | Ng Kwan-Hoong |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://faqtos.pt /wp-content/uploads/2005/02/2005-02_MCMC_radiation-mobile-phones-base-stations.pdf |
| Referência | |
| Data | Fevereiro 2005 |
| Título | Health and Electromagnetic Fields |
| Resumo | This publication describes the background to research on the health impacts of electromagnetic fields and gives some examples of research projects funded by the European Commission. It also places this research in the context of EU policies and initiatives at international level. |
| Fonte | European Commission |
| Origem | Internacional |
| Autor/Editor | European Commission |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://ec.europa.eu/health/ archive/ph_determinants/environment/emf/brochure_en.pdf |
| Referência | |
| Data | Janeiro 2005 |
| Título | EMF – Electric and Magnetic Fields Associeted with the Use of Electric Power. Questions & Answers |
| Resumo | This booklet explains the basic principles of electric and magnetic fields, provides an overview of the results of major research studies, and summarizes conclusions of the expert review panels to help you reach your own conclusions about EMF-related health concerns. |
| Fonte | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) |
| Origem | EUA |
| Autor/Editor | NIEHS |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/ materials/electric_and_magnetic_fields_associated_with_the_use_of _electric_power_questions_and_answers_english_508.pdf |
| Referência | |
| Data | Janeiro 2002 |
| Título | OET Bulletin Number 56 (Fourth Edition August 1999) – Questions and Answers about Biological Effects and Potential Hazards of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields |
| Resumo | This is an informative bulletin written as a result of increasing interest and concern of the public with respect to this issue. The expanding use of radiofrequency technology has resulted in speculation concerning the alleged “electromagnetic pollution” of the environment and the potential dangers of exposure to non-ionizing radiation. This publication is designed to provide factual information to the public by answering some of the most commonly asked questions. It includes the latest information on FCC guidelines for human exposure to RF energy. |
| Fonte | Federal Communications Commission (FCC) |
| Origem | Estados Unidos da América |
| Autor/Editor | Robert F. Cleveland,Jr., Jerry L. Ulcek |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/ Engineering_Technology/Documents/bulletins/oet56/oet56e4.pdf |
| Referência | OET Bulletin Number 56 (Fourth Edition August 1999) |
| Data | Agosto 1999 |
Endereços Úteis
| Título | Health and Electromagnetic Fields |
| Resumo | This publication describes the background to research on the health impacts of electromagnetic fields and gives some examples of research projects funded by the European Commission. It also places this research in the context of EU policies and initiatives at international level. |
| Fonte | European Commission |
| Origem | Internacional |
| Autor/Editor | European Commission |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://ec.europa.eu/health/ archive/ph_determinants/environment/emf/brochure_en.pdf |
| Referência | |
| Data | Janeiro 2005 |
Relatórios Técnicos
| Título | Survey of radio wave exposure 2022 | ||
| Resumo | In March and April 2022, ARPANSA scientists measured public exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic energy, also known as radio waves, at 50 sites across Melbourne. At the locations measured, the public’s exposure to radio waves from wireless technology was found to be well below the limits in the Australian safety standard. The measurements collected in Melbourne represent the typical radio wave exposures that ARPANSA would expect to see in other major Australian cities. | ||
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| Origem | Austrália | ||
| Autor/Editor |
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| Disponibilidade | Disponível online | ||
| Endereço | https://www.arpansa.gov.au /research-and-expertise/surveys-and-studies/survey-radio-wave-exposure-2022 |
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| Referência | |||
| Data | 2022 |
| Título | Guidance on Complying With Limits For Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields |
| Resumo | This Recommendation aims to help with compliance of telecommunication installations and mobile handsets or other radiating devices used against the head with safety limits for human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs). It presents general guidance, a calculation method, and an installation assessment procedure. The assessment procedure for telecommunication installations, based on safety limits provided by ICNIRP, helps users determine the likelihood of installation compliance based on accessibility criteria, antenna properties and emitter power. The IEC Standard for the compliance measurement of mobile handsets is recommended. |
| Fonte | Telecommunication Standardization Sector of International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) |
| Origem | Internacional |
| Autor/Editor | ITU-T Study Group 5 |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-K.52/en |
| Referência | ITU-T Recommendation K.52 |
| Data | Setembro 2018 |
| Título | Exposure of the General Public to Radio Waves near Microcell and Picocell Base Stations for Mobile Telecommunications |
| Resumo | This document reports on the exposure assessment of the general public to radio waves transmitted by microcell and picocell base stations for mobile telecommunications through theoretical and experimental means. More generally, exposures to radio waves transmitted over a range of frequencies in the VHF and UHF bands by a variety of sources have also been investigated experimentally. |
| Fonte | Health Protection Agency – National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) |
| Origem | Cooper et al. |
| Autor/Editor | NRPB |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk /ukgwa/20140714121652mp_/http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1194947319169 |
| Referência | NRPB – W62 |
| Data | Setembro 2004 |
| Título | Safety Issues Associated With Base Stations Used for Personal Wireless Communications |
| Resumo | The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Committee on Man and Radiation (COMAR) acknowledges public concerns about the safety of exposure to radio frequency (RF) fields from base station antennas used for cellular telephone and other wireless communications services. This technical information statement explains the basic operating characteristics of the various cellular and related personal wireless communication services, and resulting exposure levels are compared to the FCC and other safety guidelines. An Appendix describes wireless cellular systems in more detail, and includes a glossary of terms. |
| Fonte | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Committee on Man and Radiation (COMAR) |
| Origem | Estados Unidos da América |
| Autor/Editor | IEEE COMAR |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://www.embs.org /wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2024/03/base.pdf |
| Referência | |
| Data | Setembro 2000 |
| Título | Exposure to radio waves near mobile phone base stations |
| Resumo | This NRPB report reflects understanding and evaluation of the current scientific evidence on exposure to radio waves coming from mobile phone base stations. The objectives of this report are to provide factual information about exposure and to clarify further the basis for NRPB scientific position. It gives an overview on base station characteristics, national and international exposure guidelines, measurement equipments and surveying procedures. Results of exposure assessments carried out at 17 sites near mobile phone base stations are presented and discussed. |
| Fonte | National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) |
| Origem | Reino Unido |
| Autor/Editor | Mann et al. |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk /ukgwa/20140722234049mp_/http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1194947399556 |
| Referência | NRPB – R321 |
| Data | Junho 2000 |
| Título | Radiated EME exposure levels – Prediction methodologies |
| Resumo | Radiated fields from cellular telephone base stations must comply with safety limits imposed by the Australian Communications Authority (ACA). The limits are described in the ACA Standard: Electromagnetic Radiation – Human Exposure Standard 1999. The purpose of this technical report is to provide a protocol that allows a prediction of the estimated exposure levels to show compliance with the ACA Standard prior to installation of the radiating antennae. The assessment is a prediction of RF EME levels that are a result of line-of-sight propagation from the antennae to a point that is considered to be in the centre of the horizontal beam pattern. |
| Fonte | Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) |
| Origem | Austrália |
| Autor/Editor | Michael Bangay / ARPANSA |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://faqtos.pt /wp-content/uploads/2000/03/2000-03_ARPANSA_radiated-eme-exposure-levels-prediction-methodology.pdf |
| Referência | |
| Data | Março 2000 |
| Título | Levels of Radiofrequency Radiation from GSM Mobile Telephone Base Stations |
| Resumo | This report presents field survey measurements data and provides information on the levels of radiofrequency (RF) radiation to which members of the public may be exposed from mobile telephone base stations. The measured RF electromagnetic energy (EME) levels are compared with the maximum permitted limit for non-occupational exposure with respect to the Radiocommunications (Electromagnetic Radiation Human Exposure) Standard 1999 which specifies a maximum non-occupational exposure limit of 2 W/m2 (equivalent to 200 μW/cm2) at relevant base station frequencies. Although the focus of the survey was on measuring the RF EME emission levels from the digital Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), the environmental RF EME measurement component of the project involved investigating the EME levels from other sources, including the analog Advance Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS), VHF TV, UHF TV, AM radio, FM radio and Paging. The results clearly demonstrate that the RF EME emissions from GSM base stations are several orders of magnitude below the maximum permitted limit. A worst case RF EME power flux density prediction, based on our measurements from GSM base stations, is 0.178 μW/cm2 (the 200 μW/cm2 limit of power flux density is at least 1,000 times this predicted value). However, the average RF exposure level from GSM base stations is considerably less, at 0.0016 μW/cm2 (the 200 μW/cm2 limit of power flux density is at least 100,000 times this average value). Measurements of the fixed site environmental RF EME power flux density levels indicate that, relative to the maximum exposure limit permitted in the standard, after adjusting the exposure limit with respect to the frequency of the signal, the highest environmental RF exposure was FM radio (0.0259 μW/cm2), with the 200 μW/cm2 limit of power flux density at least 7,000 times this value. |
| Fonte | Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) |
| Origem | Austrália |
| Autor/Editor | Line et al. |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://web.archive.org.au /awa/20161017024026mp_/http://www.arpansa.gov.au/pubs/technicalreports/rfrep129.pdf |
| Referência | Technical Report 129 |
| Data | Janeiro 2000 |