Limites de Exposição à Radiação Eletromagnética
Documentos (recomendações, normas, entre outros) de diversas entidades internacionais acerca dos limites de exposição à radiação eletromagnética.
Relatórios Técnicos
| Título | Human Exposure to Radio Frequency and Microwave Radiation from Portable and Mobile Telephones and Other Wireless Communication Devices |
| Resumo | The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Committee on Man and Radiation (COMAR) recognises that there is public concern about the safety of exposure to the radio frequency (RF) and microwave (MW) fields from hand-held, portable, and mobile cellular telephones. This report addresses the concerns that have been expressed by some members of the public about the safety of exposure to RF radiation from handheld communications devices, with particular reference to cellular telephone handsets. It gives information about RF Safety Standards and Guidelines, Exposures Produced by Cellular Telephones, Interference to Medical Devices. Some conclusions are drawn. |
| Fonte | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Committee on Man and Radiation (COMAR) |
| Origem | Estados Unidos da América |
| Autor/Editor | IEEE COMAR |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://www.embs.org /wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2024/03/phone.pdf |
| Referência | |
| Data | Setembro 2000 |
Processos de Medida
| Título | Measurement of radio frequency electromagnetic fields to determine compliance with human exposure limits when a base station is put into operation |
| Resumo | Recommendation ITU-T K.100 provides information on measurement techniques and procedures for assessing compliance with the general public electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure limits when a new base station (BS) is put into operation, taking into account effects of the environment and other relevant radio frequency sources present in its surroundings. |
| Fonte | Telecommunication Standardization Sector of International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) |
| Origem | Internacional |
| Autor/Editor | Telecommunication Standardization Sector of International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://www.itu.int/ITU-T /recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=16008 |
| Referência | ITU-T K.100 |
| Data | Agosto 2024 |
| Título | Determination of the radiated power through ground-based field strength measurements in the frequency range from 30 MHz to 6000 MHz |
| Resumo | The radiated power of a transmitter is one of the most important parameters which characterise a transmitter and its emissions. Usually, it is not possible to measure the radiated power directly. However, there are two different methods to determine the radiated power indirectly. The first method would measure the transmitter output power and calculate the radiated power by taking into account cable losses and antenna gain. The second method measures the field strength and calculates the radiated power by taking into account the measurement distance and the propagation loss. The purpose of this ECC Recommendation is to provide common measurement methods which will enable CEPT administrations to determine the radiated power of a transmitter in the frequency range from 30 MHz to 6000 MHz from field strength measurements reducing as much as possible the uncertainty of the measurement. |
| Fonte | Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) |
| Origem | Internacional |
| Autor/Editor | Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://docdb.cept.org/ /download/4396 |
| Referência | ECC Recommendation (12)03 |
| Data | Outubro 2023 |
| Título | Basic standard for the in-situ assessment of exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of a broadcast site |
| Resumo | This document specifies the method for assessing overall exposure from all fixed radio frequency sources at a broadcast site. This assessment can be applied at any time but is carried out when the exposure situation changes in or around the aforementioned site. This document can play an essential role in the coordination of different stakeholders, with respect to ensuring EMF exposure compliance in the vicinity of a broadcast site especially for equipment installed within the site. |
| Fonte | European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) |
| Origem | Internacional |
| Autor/Editor | European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível por encomenda |
| Endereço | https://standards.cencenelec.eu /dyn/www/f?p=CENELEC:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:67142,1258483&cs=1D9C5EAEDE27B9D1C04CDD93632AF846E |
| Referência | CLC/TC 106X |
| Data | Abril 2022 |
| Título | Guidelines for the Measurement of Radiofrequency Fields at Frequencies from 3 kHz to 300 GHz |
| Resumo | This document outlines some principles and background information for the measurement of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. It also provides a number of recommended measurement procedures for the different types of telecommunication services. The techniques for both the near field and far field measurements are based on the instrumentation that is currently available. The recommended procedures are not considered to be appropriate for the measurement of electromagnetic fields in the reactive near field region. |
| Fonte | Industry Canada |
| Origem | Canadá |
| Autor/Editor | Industry Canada |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf01451.html |
| Referência | GL-01, Issue 3 |
| Data | Dezembro 2021 |
| Título | Regulamento relativo à metodologia de elaboração e execução dos planos de monitorização e medição dos níveis de intensidade dos campos electromagnéticos resultantes da emissão de estações de radiocomunicações |
| Resumo | O regulamento define a metodologia de elaboração e execução dos planos de monitorização e medição dos níveis de intensidade dos campos eletromagnéticos resultantes da emissão de estações de radiocomunicações, nos termos do n.º 2 do artigo 12.º do Decreto-Lei n.º 11/2003, de 18 de Janeiro. A metodologia definida pelo presente regulamento aplica-se aos planos de monitorização e medição a elaborar, nos termos do n.º 1 do artigo 12.º do decreto-lei, pelas entidades habilitadas a instalar e utilizar estações de radiocomunicações afetas à prestação de serviços de comunicações eletrónicas acessíveis ao público. |
| Fonte | ANACOM – Autoridade Nacional de Comunicações |
| Origem | Portugal |
| Autor/Editor | ANACOM |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://www.anacom.pt/render.jsp?contentId=1104741 |
| Referência | Regulamento n.º 609/2011, de 25 de novembro |
| Data | Novembro 2011 |
| Título | Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurements |
| Resumo | When reporting the result of a measurement of a physical quantity, some quantitative indication of the result has to be given to assess its reliability and to allow comparisons to be made. The Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement establishes general rules for evaluating and expressing uncertainty in measurement that can be followed at many levels of accuracy and in many fields. |
| Fonte | International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) / International Organization for Standardization (isso) |
| Origem | Internacional |
| Autor/Editor | ISO/IEC |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://faqtos.pt /wp-content/uploads/2008/10/2008-10_ISO-IEC_Guide-98-3-2008_guide-to-the-expression-of-uncertainty.pdf |
| Referência | ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008 |
| Data | Outubro 2008 |
| Título | IEEE Recommended Practice for Measurements and Computations of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields With Respect to Human Exposure to Such Fields,100 kHz-300 GHz |
| Resumo | Techniques and instrumentation for the measurement and computation of potentially hazardous electromagnetic (EM) fields both in the near field and the far field of the electromagnetic source are specified. The specifications previously set forth in IEEE Std C95.3-1991 are extended and combined. Leakage and near-field measurements and a description of the concepts, techniques, and instruments that can be applied to the measurement of specific absorption rate (SAR) or the electric field strength in organisms (including humans) and phantoms exposed to electromagnetic fields are included. Below 100 MHz, the current flowing through the body to ground is measurable and can be used to determine the SAR and, therefore, a brief treatment of lowfrequency body current measurement is included. |
| Fonte | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ICES) |
| Origem | Estados Unidos da América |
| Autor/Editor | IEEE – ICES |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível por encomenda |
| Endereço | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1167131 |
| Referência | IEEE Std. C95.3-2002 |
| Data | Junho 2008 |
| Título | Regulamento de procedimentos de monitorização e medição dos níveis de intensidade dos campos eletromagnéticos com origem em estações de radiocomunicações |
| Resumo | Este regulamento especifica os procedimentos de medição de radiação eletromagnética não ionizante (9 kHz-300 GHz) no local com vista a avaliar os campos eletromagnéticos para comparação com os níveis de referência fixados na Portaria n.º 1421/2004, de 23 de Novembro, publicada ao abrigo do n.º 1 do artigo 11.º do Decreto-Lei n.º 11/2003, de 18 de Janeiro. O disposto neste Regulamento baseia-se na recomendação ECC “Medição de radiação eletromagnética não ionizante (9 kHz-300 GHz)”, adotada pelo grupo de trabalho Gestão de Frequências (FM), do Comité das Comunicações Eletrónicas (ECC) da Conferência Europeia das Administrações dos Correios e Telecomunicações (CEPT). |
| Fonte | ANACOM – Autoridade Nacional de Comunicações |
| Origem | Portugal |
| Autor/Editor | ANACOM |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://www.anacom.pt/render.jsp?categoryId=331423 |
| Referência | Regulamento n.º 86/2007 |
| Data | Maio 2007 |
| Título | Stations de base pour téléphonie mobile (UMTS – FDD) – Recommandation sur les mesures |
| Resumo | La présente publication, destinée aux autorités d’exécution et aux laboratoires de mesures, contient des instructions sur la manière de mesurer et d’évaluer le rayonnement émis par les stations de base de téléphonie mobile des réseaux UMTS. Elle sert en même temps de base à l’accréditation des laboratoires effectuant de telles mesures. L’accent porte sur les mesures effectuées à l’intérieur des bâtiments. Après un bref aperçu de la technique UMTS, les dispositions déterminantes de l’ordonnance sur la protection contre le rayonnement non ionisant (ORNI) sont expliquées et précisées. Suivent des recommandations détaillées concernant la méthode et les appareils de mesure, le traitement de l’incertitude de mesure et une évaluation des résultats conforme à l’ordonnance. Une des annexes concerne la détermination de l’incertitude de mesure, une autre l’extrapolation d’un résultat de mesure à la capacité maximale de l’installation émettrice. |
| Fonte | Office fédéral de l’environnement (OFEV) |
| Origem | Suiça |
| Autor/Editor | OFEV |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://www.bafu.admin.ch/ dam/bafu/fr/dokumente/elektrosmog/fachinfo-daten/mobilfunk-basisstationenumts-fddmessempfehlung.pdf.download.pdf/ stations_de_basepourtelephoniemobileumts-fddrecommandationsurles.pdf |
| Referência | |
| Data | Outubro 2006 |
| Título | Protocole de Mesure in Situ |
| Resumo | Ce document a pour objectif de décrire la méthode de mesure retenue par l’Agence Nationale des Fréquences concernant l’application du décret n° 2002-775 du 03 mai 2002 conformément aux exigences de la recommandation de l’ECC (02) 04 (European Communications Committee). La présente méthode est particulièrement adaptée aux émissions des réseaux mobiles de type GSM 900/1800, de radiodiffusion (sonore ou visuelle) et des Réseaux Radioélectriques Indépendants. |
| Fonte | Agence Nationale des Fréquences (ANFR) |
| Origem | França |
| Autor/Editor | ANFR |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://www.anfr.fr/fileadmin/ mediatheque/documents/expace/ protocole%20de%20mesure%20DR15-2_1.pdf |
| Referência | ANFR/DR-15 |
| Data | Maio 2004 |
| Título | Measuring Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation (9 kHz – 300 GHz) |
| Resumo | This Recommendation specifies in-situ measurement procedures in order to assess electromagnetic fields for the purpose of comparison against limits for human exposure applying in CEPT countries (e.g. EU 1999/519/EC,ICNIRP guidelines, national limits,…). It is important to note that this recommendation does not itself standardise or define exposure limits, or cover human exposure to radio signals. |
| Fonte | Electronic Communications Committee – European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (ECC-CEPT) |
| Origem | Internacional |
| Autor/Editor | Frequency Management Working Group (FM WG) |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://docdb.cept.org/download/fa5b1c03-0a47/REC0204.PDF |
| Referência | ECC/REC/(02)04 |
| Data | Outubro 2003 |
| Título | Stations de base pour téléphonie mobile (GSM) – Recommandation sur les mesures |
| Resumo | La présente publication, destinée aux autorités d’exécution et aux laboratoires de mesures, contient des instructions sur la manière de mesurer et d’évaluer le rayonnement émis par les stations de base de téléphonie mobile des réseaux GSM. Elle sert en même temps de base à l’accréditation des laboratoires effectuant de telles mesures. L’accent porte sur les mesures effectuées à l’intérieur des bâtiments. Après un bref aperçu de la technique GSM, les dispositions déterminantes de l’ordonnance sur la protection contre le rayonnement non ionisant (ORNI) sont expliquées et précisées. Suivent des recommandations détaillées concernant la méthode et les appareils de mesure, le traitement de l’incertitude de mesure et une évaluation des résultats conforme à l’ordonnance. Une des annexes concerne la détermination de l’incertitude de mesure, une autre l’extrapolation d’un résultat de mesure à la capacité maximale de l’installation émettrice. |
| Fonte | Office fédéral de l’environnement (OFEV) |
| Origem | Suiça |
| Autor/Editor | OFEV |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://www.bafu.admin.ch/ bafu/fr/home/themes/electrosmog/publications-etudes/publications/ stations-de-base-pour-telephonie-mobile.html |
| Referência | VU-5800-F |
| Data | Janeiro 2002 |
| Título | Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields: Practical Application of NRPB Guidance |
| Resumo | Current NRPB guidance on exposure to electromagnetic fields was published in 1993. Since then, NRPB has gained considerable experience of the practical implementation of this guidance in industrial environments.This report describes strategies that have been developed to allow comparisons to be made between measured exposure levels and the NRPB restrictions on exposure in situations where the straightforward application of the investigation levels may not always be appropriate. |
| Fonte | National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) |
| Origem | Reino Unido |
| Autor/Editor | P. J. Chadwick |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível por encomenda |
| Endereço | https://books.google.pt/books/ about/Occupational_Exposure_to_Electromagnetic.html? id=RFPsAAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |
| Referência | NRPB – R301 |
| Data | Julho 1998 |
| Título | OET Bulletin 65 – Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields |
| Resumo | This revised OET Bulletin 65 has been prepared to provide assistance in determining whether proposed or existing transmitting facilities, operations or devices comply with limits for human exposure to radiofrequency (RF) fields adopted by the Federal Communications. |
| Fonte | Federal Communications Commission (FCC) |
| Origem | Estados Unidos da América |
| Autor/Editor | Robert F. Cleveland, Jr., David M. Sylvar, Jerry L. Ulcek |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/ Engineering_Technology/Documents/ bulletins/oet65/oet65.pdf |
| Referência | OET Bulletin 65 |
| Data | Agosto 1997 |
| Título | A Practical Guide to the Determination of Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Fields |
| Resumo | NCRP Report No. 119 is intended to constitute a compendium of general knowledge useful to those health and safety professionals concerned with evaluating radiofrequency hazards. It provides a comprehensive collection of information on various radiofrequency radiation sources and a straightforward “how to” guide for estimating the exposures associated with these sources. Major sections of the Report treat the following subjects: • basic concepts, including definitions of terms and units • procedures for evaluation of exposures • instruments and measurement techniques • recommended areas for further research and technical or engineering development Appendices provide a quick reference source for use in assessing the relative significance of exposures from various radiofrequency sources, including a description of methods for performing practical measurements and computations. Explicit examples of exposure surveys for selected common sources are provided. |
| Fonte | National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) |
| Origem | Estados Unidos da América |
| Autor/Editor | NCRP |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível por encomenda |
| Endereço | https://ncrponline.org/shop/reports/ report-no-119-a-practical-guide-to-the-determination-of- human-exposure-to-radiofrequency-fields-1993 |
| Referência | NCRP Report No. 119 |
| Data | Janeiro 1993 |
Instalação
| Título | Stations de base pour téléphonie mobile et raccordements sans fil (WLL) – Recommandation d’exécution de l’ORNI |
| Resumo | La présente publication est destinée aux autorités d’exécution chargées d’évaluer le rayonnement émis par les installations de téléphonie mobile et les raccordements téléphoniques sans fil (WLL). Il s’agit d’une recommandation quant à la manière d’évaluer, lors de la procédure d’autorisation, les installations émettrices avant leur construction et leur mise en service. Les bases légales, en particulier la notion d’installation et le modèle de calcul, sont expliquées et précisées. La fiche de données spécifique au site, par laquelle le détenteur de l’installation doit déclarer à l’autorité compétente les données techniques de l’installation qu’il entend exploiter et à l’aide de laquelle il doit estimer les immissions, fait partie intégrante de ce document.Celui-ci comporte en outre des instructions précises sur la manière de remplir la fiche de données. Il contient également un formulaire de notification simplifié prévu pour les installations dont la puissance emettrice est inférieure à 6 Watt. |
| Fonte | Office fédéral de l’environnement (OFEV) |
| Origem | Suiça |
| Autor/Editor | OFEV |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://www.bafu.admin.ch /bafu/fr/home/themes/electrosmog/publications-etudes/publications/stations-de-base-telephonie-mobile-fil-wll.html |
| Referência | |
| Data | Janeiro 2002 |
| Título | Radiofrequency Interference with Medical Devices |
| Resumo | The past few years have seen increased reports that medical devices, such as pacemakers, apnea monitors, electrically powered wheelchairs, etc., have failed to operate correctly because of interference from various emitters of radiofrequency energy. This condition is called radiofrequency interference (RFI). The consequences of these failures range from inconvenience to serious injuries and death. Reasons for this problem are twofold: 1) increasing numbers of electronically controlled medical devices with inadequate electronic protection against RFI, and 2) a significant increase in the number of RF sources in the environment. Medical devices are widely used outside the hospital and may be attached to, or implanted in, patients. Portable wireless communications equipment, including cellular phones, handheld transceivers, and vehicle mounted transceivers, comprise one of the largest sources of RFI. Some medical devices are especially sensitive to the type of digital modulation that some of the wireless communications devices utilize. (…) COMAR recommends that the various parties involved in the manufacture and use of RFI prone medical devices take steps to avoid serious RFI problems that may lead to safety hazards. Medical device manufacturers should design and test their products to ensure conformance with current RFI standards and educate the users of their devices about the possible symptoms of potential RFI. If there exists the possibility of RFI problems to medical devices, steps should be taken to ensure that all sources of RF energy be kept at a sufficient distance. |
| Fonte | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Committee on Man and Radiation (COMAR) |
| Origem | Estados Unidos da América |
| Autor/Editor | IEEE – COMAR |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://www.embs.org /wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2024/03/interfer.pdf |
| Referência | |
| Data | Janeiro 1998 |
| Título | Product standard to demonstrate the compliance of wireless communication devices, with the basic restrictions and exposure limit values related to human exposure to electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 300 MHz to 6 GHz: devices used next to the ear |
| Resumo | This product standard applies to wireless communication devices used in close proximity to the human ear (e.g. mobile phones, wireless headsets). The applicable frequency range is from 300 MHz to 6 GHz. The objective of this standard is to demonstrate the compliance of such devices with the basic restrictions and exposure limit values related to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields. For devices used next to the body or in front of the face the applicable product standard is EN 50566:2017. For low power devices the applicable product standard is EN 50663:2017. |
| Fonte | European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) |
| Origem | Internacional |
| Autor/Editor | CLC/TC 106X |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível por encomenda |
| Endereço | https://standards.cencenelec.eu /dyn/www/f?p=CENELEC:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:69850,1258483&cs=12F1F46FAB5E66D0B65C728BAEC7488B3 |
| Referência | EN 50360:2017 |
| Data | Julho 2017 |