Limites de Exposição à Radiação Eletromagnética
Documentos (recomendações, normas, entre outros) de diversas entidades internacionais acerca dos limites de exposição à radiação eletromagnética.
| Título | American National Standard for Methods of Measurement of Compatibility between Wireless Communication Devices and Hearing Aids |
| Resumo | This standard applies to both wireless communications devices (WDs) and hearing aids. It sets forth uniform methods of measurement and parametric requirements for the electromagnetic and operational compatibility of hearing aids and WDs, including cellular phones, personal communications service (PCS), and voice-over-Internet-protocol (VoIP) devices, operating in the range of 614 MHz to 6 GHz. |
| Fonte | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) |
| Origem | Estados Unidos da América |
| Autor/Editor | IEEE – Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível por encomenda |
| Endereço | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8926595 |
| Referência | ANSI C63.19-2019 |
| Data | Novembro 2019 |
Interferência e Compatibilidade Eletromagnética
| Título | American National Standard for Methods of Measurement of Compatibility between Wireless Communication Devices and Hearing Aids |
| Resumo | This standard applies to both wireless communications devices (WDs) and hearing aids. It sets forth uniform methods of measurement and parametric requirements for the electromagnetic and operational compatibility of hearing aids and WDs, including cellular phones, personal communications service (PCS), and voice-over-Internet-protocol (VoIP) devices, operating in the range of 614 MHz to 6 GHz. |
| Fonte | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) |
| Origem | Estados Unidos da América |
| Autor/Editor | IEEE – Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível por encomenda |
| Endereço | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8926595 |
| Referência | ANSI C63.19-2019 |
| Data | Novembro 2019 |
| Título | American National Standard Recommended Practice for an On-Site, Ad Hoc Test Method for Estimating Electromagnetic Immunity of Medical Devices to Radiated Radio-Frequency (RF) Emissions from RF Transmitters |
| Resumo | A guide to evaluating electromagnetic immunity of medical devices against radiated radio-frequency (RF) emissions from common RF transmitters is provided in this recommended practice (e.g., two-way radios; walkie-talkies; mobile phones; wireless-enabled tablets, e-readers, laptop computers, and similar devices; RFID readers; networked mp3 players; two-way pagers; and wireless personal digital assistants [PDAs]). A comprehensive test or a guarantee is not provided by this protocol but, instead, a basic evaluation is given that can help identify medical devices that might be particularly vulnerable to interference from common RF transmitters. |
| Fonte | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) – International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (SCC39) |
| Origem | Estados Unidos da América |
| Autor/Editor | IEEE – Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível por encomenda |
| Endereço | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6840284 |
| Referência | ANSI C63.18-2014 |
| Data | Junho 2014 |
| Título | Diretiva 2014/30/UE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho de 26 de fevereiro de 2014 relativa à harmonização da legislação dos Estados-Membros respeitante à compatibilidade eletromagnética (reformulação) |
| Resumo | A presente diretiva regulamenta a compatibilidade eletromagnética dos equipamentos e tem como objetivo assegurar o funcionamento do mercado interno, exigindo que os equipamentos cumpram um nível adequado de compatibilidade eletromagnética. |
| Fonte | Conselho da União Europeia/Parlamento Europeu |
| Origem | Europa |
| Autor/Editor | Conselho da União Europeia/Parlamento Europeu |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://eur-lex.europa.eu /legal-content/PT/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014L0030 |
| Referência | Jornal Oficial da União Europeia, L 96/79, de 29/3/2014 (2014/30/EU) |
| Data | Fevereiro 2014 |
| Título | Radiofrequency Interference with Medical Devices |
| Resumo | The past few years have seen increased reports that medical devices, such as pacemakers, apnea monitors, electrically powered wheelchairs, etc., have failed to operate correctly because of interference from various emitters of radiofrequency energy. This condition is called radiofrequency interference (RFI). The consequences of these failures range from inconvenience to serious injuries and death. Reasons for this problem are twofold: 1) increasing numbers of electronically controlled medical devices with inadequate electronic protection against RFI, and 2) a significant increase in the number of RF sources in the environment. Medical devices are widely used outside the hospital and may be attached to, or implanted in, patients. Portable wireless communications equipment, including cellular phones, handheld transceivers, and vehicle mounted transceivers, comprise one of the largest sources of RFI. Some medical devices are especially sensitive to the type of digital modulation that some of the wireless communications devices utilize. (…) COMAR recommends that the various parties involved in the manufacture and use of RFI prone medical devices take steps to avoid serious RFI problems that may lead to safety hazards. Medical device manufacturers should design and test their products to ensure conformance with current RFI standards and educate the users of their devices about the possible symptoms of potential RFI. If there exists the possibility of RFI problems to medical devices, steps should be taken to ensure that all sources of RF energy be kept at a sufficient distance. |
| Fonte | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Committee on Man and Radiation (COMAR) |
| Origem | Estados Unidos da América |
| Autor/Editor | IEEE – COMAR |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://www.embs.org /wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2024/03/interfer.pdf |
| Referência | |
| Data | Janeiro 1998 |
| Título | Electromagnetic Compatibility of Medical Devices with Mobile Communications |
| Resumo | The compatibility of mobile communication equipment with medical devices is an area where much published information and guidance is conflicting. We have hence organised a large study, based on research conducted at 18 locations including hospitals and MDA evaluation centres. Data were gathered for 178 different models of medical device using a wide range of radio handsets. Overall, in 23% of tests medical devices suffered electromagnetic interference (EMI) from handsets. 43% of these interference incidents would have had a direct impact on patient care, and were rated as serious. |
| Fonte | Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) |
| Origem | Reino Unido |
| Autor/Editor | Medical Devices Agency (MDA) |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível por encomenda |
| Endereço | https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk /20141205224003/http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Publications/Safetyguidance/DeviceBulletins/CON007365 |
| Referência | DB 9702 |
| Data | Março 1997 |
Sistemas de Comunicações
| Título | 5G |
| Resumo | 5G should deliver significantly increased operational performance (e.g. increased spectral efficiency, higher data rates, low latency), as well as superior user experience (near to fixed network but offering full mobility and coverage). 5G needs to cater for massive deployment of Internet of Things, while still offering acceptable levels of energy consumption, equipment cost and network deployment and operation cost. It needs to support a wide variety of applications and services |
| Fonte | European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) |
| Origem | Internacional |
| Autor/Editor | European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://www.etsi.org /technologies/mobile/5g |
| Referência | |
| Data | Outubro 2024 |
| Título | 4th Generation (LTE) |
| Resumo | UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access) as a 3rd generation system, with the enhancements provided by High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), for both downlink and uplink, will remain highly competitive for several years. Nevertheless, the industry that has developed the 3GPP technologies, launched a project in Dec. 2004 called Long Term Evolution (LTE) to study requirements for a new air interface called Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA). |
| Fonte | European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) |
| Origem | Internacional |
| Autor/Editor | European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://www.etsi.org /technologies/mobile/4g |
| Referência | |
| Data | Outubro 2024 |
| Título | 3rd Generation (UMTS) |
| Resumo | Capacity limitations of 2nd generation mobile communication systems, an increasing demand for the support multimedia services (not mainly voice) and higher data rates as well as the request for a world wide mobile communication system triggered the introduction of a 3rd generation under the ITU-R umbrella IMT-2000. Among the terrestrial systems of IMT-2000 family the most successful 3rd generation mobile cellular technology was developed by 3GPPTM under the name Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). |
| Fonte | European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) |
| Origem | Internacional |
| Autor/Editor | European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível online |
| Endereço | https://www.etsi.org /technologies/mobile/3g |
| Referência | |
| Data | Outubro 2024 |
| Título | 2nd Generation (GERAN) | ||
| Resumo | The capacity limitations, the quality issues and the limitations to rather national mobile communication standards of the first analogue mobile communication systems led to the development of a 2nd generation of digital cellular mobile communication systems. ETSI SMG developed with GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) a second-generation digital cellular radio access technology for Europe that became a worldwide success and that is still operating today. | ||
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| Origem | Internacional | ||
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| Disponibilidade | Disponível online | ||
| Endereço | https://www.etsi.org /technologies/mobile/2g |
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| Data | Outubro 2024 |
| Título | 5G NR, The Next Generation Wireless Access Technology |
| Resumo | 5G NR: The Next Generation Wireless Access Technology, Second Edition, follows the authors’ highly celebrated books on 3G and 4G and provides a new level of insight into 5G NR. After background discussion of 5G, including requirements, spectrum aspects, and the standardization timeline, all technology features of the first phase of NR are described in detail. The book covers the NR physical-layer structure and higher-layer protocols, RF and spectrum aspects, and co-existence and interworking with LTE. The book provides a good foundation in NR and different NR technology components, giving insight into why a certain solution has been selected. |
| Fonte | Elsevier |
| Origem | Reino Unido |
| Autor/Editor | Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Skold |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível por encomenda |
| Endereço | https://www.elsevier.com/books/ 5g-nr/dahlman/978-0-12-822320-8 |
| Referência | Academic Press, London, UK |
| Data | Setembro 2020 |
| Título | WCDMA for UMTS: HSPA Evolution and LTE, 5th Edition |
| Resumo | Written by the leading experts in the field, the best selling book on UMTS is now updated to cover 3GPP High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) evolution (HSPA+) in Release 7 and on-going Long Term Evolution (LTE) activity for Release 8. These technologies enhance the capabilities of the existing WCDMA/HSPA networks to offer higher data rates beyond 100Mbps. WCDMA for UMTS, Fourth Edition also covers 3GPP WCDMA Release 99, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) in Release 5 and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) in Release 6, whih are already deployed commercially. Multimedia Broadcast Multicast System (MBMS) is also described in detail. |
| Fonte | John Wiley |
| Origem | Reino Unido |
| Autor/Editor | H. Holma, A. Toskala |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível por encomenda |
| Endereço | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/book/10.1002/9780470669501 |
| Referência | John Wiley, Chichester, UK |
| Data | Agosto 2010 |
| Título | LTE for UMTS: OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access |
| Resumo | From the editors of the highly successful WCDMA for UMTS, this new book gives a complete and up-to-date overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE) in a systematic and clear manner. It starts with an in-depth explanation of the background and standardization process before moving on to examine the system architecture evolution (SAE). The basics of air interface modulation choices are introduced and key subjects such as 3GPP LTE physical layer and protocol solutions are described. Mobility aspects and radio resource management together with radio and end-to-end performance are assessed. The voice solution and voice capacity in LTE are also illustrated. Finally, the main differences between LTE TDD and FDD modes are examined and HSPA evolution in 3GPP Releases 7 and 8 is described. LTE for UMTS is one of the first books to provide a comprehensive guide to the standards and technologies of LTE. Key features of the book include: covers all the key aspects of LTE in a systematic manner; presents full description of 3GPP Release 8 LTE; examines the expected performance of LTE. Written by experts actively involved in the 3GPP standards and product development. |
| Fonte | Wiley |
| Origem | Reino Unido |
| Autor/Editor | Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Skold |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível por encomenda |
| Endereço | https://www.wiley.com/en-us/ LTE+for+UMTS%3A+OFDMA+and+SC+FDMA+Based+Radio +Access-p-9780470745472 |
| Referência | Academic Press, London, UK |
| Data | Abril 2009 |
| Título | American National Standard Recommended Practice for an On-Site, Ad Hoc Test Method for Estimating Electromagnetic Immunity of Medical Devices to Radiated Radio-Frequency (RF) Emissions from RF Transmitters |
| Resumo | A guide to evaluating electromagnetic immunity of medical devices against radiated radio-frequency (RF) emissions from common RF transmitters is provided in this recommended practice (e.g., two-way radios; walkie-talkies; mobile phones; wireless-enabled tablets, e-readers, laptop computers, and similar devices; RFID readers; networked mp3 players; two-way pagers; and wireless personal digital assistants [PDAs]). A comprehensive test or a guarantee is not provided by this protocol but, instead, a basic evaluation is given that can help identify medical devices that might be particularly vulnerable to interference from common RF transmitters. |
| Fonte | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) – International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (SCC39) |
| Origem | Estados Unidos da América |
| Autor/Editor | IEEE – Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível por encomenda |
| Endereço | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6840284 |
| Referência | ANSI C63.18-2014 |
| Data | Junho 2014 |
| Título | Measurement procedure for the assessment of specific absorption rate of human exposure to radio frequency fields from hand-held and body-worn wireless communication devices – Part 1528: Human models, instrumentation and procedures (Frequency range of 4 MHz to 10 GHz) |
| Resumo | IEC/IEEE 62209-1528:2020 specifies protocols and test procedures for the reproducible and repeatable measurement of the conservative exposure peak spatial average SAR (psSAR) induced inside a simplified model of the head and the body by radio-frequency (RF) transmitting devices, with a defined measurement uncertainty. These protocols and procedures apply to a significant majority of the population, including children, during the use of hand-held and body-worn wireless communication devices. These devices include single or multiple transmitters or antennas, and are operated with their radiating structure(s) at distances up to 200 mm from a human head or body. This document is employed to evaluate SAR compliance of different types of wireless communication devices used next to the ear, in front of the face, mounted on the body, operating in conjunction with other RF-transmitting, non-transmitting devices or accessories (e.g. belt-clips), or embedded in garments. The applicable frequency range is from 4 MHz to 10 GHz. Devices operating in the applicable frequency range can be tested using the phantoms and other requirements defined in this document. The device categories covered include, but are not limited to, mobile telephones, cordless microphones, and radio transmitters in personal, desktop and laptop computers, for multi band operations using single or multiple antennas, including push-to-talk devices. This document can also be applied for wireless power transfer devices operating above 4 MHz. |
| Fonte | International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) / Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) |
| Origem | Internacional |
| Autor/Editor | TC 106 |
| Disponibilidade | Disponível por encomenda |
| Endereço | https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/62753 |
| Referência | IEC/IEEE 62209-1528:2020 |
| Data | Outubro 2020 |